Feasibility of new patient dose management tool in digital radiography: Using clinical exposure index data of mobile chest radiography in a large university hospital.

The clinical anteroposterior (AP) chest images taken with a mobile radiography system were analyzed in this study to utilize the clinical exposure index (EI) as a patient dose-monitoring tool. The digital imaging and communications in medicine header of 6048 data points exposed under the 90 kVp and 2.5 mAs were extracted using Python for identifying the distribution of clinical EI. Even under the same exposure conditions, the clinical EI distribution was 137.82-4924.38. To determine the cause, the effect of a patient's body shape on EI was confirmed using actual clinical chest AP image data binarized into 0 and 255-pixel values using Python. As a result, the relationship between the direct X-ray area of the chest AP image, the higher the clinical EI, the larger the rate of the direct X-ray area. A conversion equation was also derived to infer entrance surface dose through clinical EI based on the patient thickness. This confirmed the possibility of directly monitoring patient dose through EI without a dosimeter in real-time. Therefore, to use the clinical EI of the mobile radiography system as a patient dose-monitoring tool, the derivation method of clinical EI considers several factors, such as the relationship between patient factors.

Comprehensive Assessment of Acute Isolated or Prominent Dysarthria in the Emergency Department: A Neuro-Emergency Expert's Experience beyond Stroke.

We investigated the clinical characteristics, neuroimaging findings, and final diagnosis of patients with acute isolated or prominent dysarthria who visited the emergency department (ED) between 1 January 2020 and 31 December 2021. Of 2028 patients aged ≥ 18 years with neurologic symptoms treated by a neuro-emergency expert, 75 with acute isolated or predominant dysarthria within 1 week were enrolled. Patients were categorized as having isolated dysarthria (n = 28, 37.3%) and prominent dysarthria (n = 47, 62.7%). The causes of stroke were acute ischemic stroke (AIS) (n = 37, 49.3%), transient ischemic attack (TIA) (n = 14, 18.7%), intracerebral hemorrhage (n = 1, 1.3%), and non-stroke causes (n = 23, 30.7%). The most common additional symptoms were gait disturbance or imbalance (n = 8, 15.4%) and dizziness (n = 3, 13.0%) in the stroke and non-stroke groups, respectively. The isolated dysarthria group had a higher rate of TIA (n = 7, 38.9%), single and small lesions (n = 10, 83.3%), and small-vessel occlusion in Trial of Org 101072 in acute stroke treatment (n = 8, 66.7%). Acute isolated or prominent dysarthria in the ED mostly presented as clinical symptoms of AIS, but other non-stroke and medical causes were not uncommon. In acute dysarthria with ischemic stroke, multiple territorial and small and single lesions are considered a cause.

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of an Al-Mg-Si-Zr Alloy Processed by L-PBF and Subsequent Heat Treatments.

The aim of this study was to develop a new Al-Mg-Si-Zr alloy with a high magnesium content to achieve a wide range of mechanical properties using heat treatment and at a lower cost. Additive manufacturing was conducted using a powder bed fusion process with various scan speeds to change the volumetric energy density and establish optimal process conditions. In addition, mechanical properties were evaluated using heat treatment under various conditions. The characterization of the microstructure was conducted by scanning electron microscopy with electron backscatter diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The mechanical properties were determined by tensile tests. The as-built specimen showed a yield strength of 447.9 ± 3.6 MPa, a tensile strength of 493.4 ± 6.7 MPa, and an elongation of 9.6 ± 1.1%. Moreover, the mechanical properties could be adjusted according to various heat treatment conditions. Specifically, under the HT1 (low-temperature artificial aging) condition, the ultimate tensile strength increased to 503.2 ± 1.1 MPa, and under the HT2 (high-temperature artificial aging) condition, the yield strength increased to 467 ± 1.3 MPa. It was confirmed that the maximum elongation (14.3 ± 0.8%) was exhibited with the HT3 (soft annealing) heat treatment.

Spectroscopic Study into Lanthanide Speciation in Deep Eutectic Solvents.

Deep eutectic solvents are a new class of green solvents that are being explored as an alternative for used nuclear fuel and critical material recycling. However, there is a paucity of knowledge regarding metal behavior in them. This paper explores the underlying chemistry of rare-earth elements in choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvents by using a multi-technique spectroscopic methodology. Results show that speciation is highly dependent on the choice of the hydrogen-bond donor. Collected EXAFS data showed Ln3+ coordination with ethylene glycol and urea in their respective solvents and coordination with chloride in the lactic acid system. Generalized coordination environments were determined to be [LnL4-5], [LnL7-10], and [LnL5-6] in the ethylene glycol, urea, and lactic acid systems, respectively. Collected UV/vis spectra for Nd3+ and Er3+ showed variations with changing solvents, showing that Ln-Cl interactions do not dominate in these systems. Luminescence studies were consistent, showing varying emission spectra with varying solvent systems. The shortest luminescent lifetimes were observed in the choline chloride-ethylene glycol deep eutectic solvent, suggesting coordination through O-H groups. Combining all collected data allowed Eu3+ coordination geometries to be assigned.

Unsupervised Gait Phase Estimation With Domain-Adversarial Neural Network and Adaptive Window.

The performanceof previous machine learning models for gait phase is only satisfactory under limited conditions. First, they produce accurate estimations only when the ground truth of the gait phase (of the target subject) is known. In contrast, when the ground truth of a target subject is not used to train an algorithm, the estimation error noticeably increases. Expensive equipment is required to precisely measure the ground truth of the gait phase. Thus, previous methods have practical shortcoming when they are optimized for individual users. To address this problem, this study introduces an unsupervised domain adaptation technique for estimation without the true gait phase of the target subject. Specifically, a domain-adversarial neural network was modified to perform regression on continuous gait phases. Second, the accuracy of previous models can be degraded by variations in stride time. To address this problem, this study developed an adaptive window method that actively considers changes in stride time. This model considerably reduces estimation errors for walking and running motions. Finally, this study proposed a new method to select the optimal source subject (among several subjects) by defining the similarity between sequential embedding features.

Surface decontamination of protective duplex oxide layers on stainless steel waste using deep eutectic solvents.

The decontamination capabilities of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) formed from choline chloride (ChCl) and p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (PtsA), ChCl:PtsA, under different conditions (hydrated, heated, and agitated) were tested with simulant oxidized stainless steel 304 specimens. Although the leaching rates were satisfactory under all conditions, hydrated and stirred ChCl:PtsA at 60 °C showed the fastest leaching rate of 0.1647 mg/min. Oxidized specimens with an average mass gain of 1.2 ± 1 mg were leached, and their masses were reduced by 558 ± 22 mg after 26 h. These results were understood by improved physical properties of ChCl:PtsA upon hydration. Metal oxide solubility of CoO and NiO increased with water, and those of Cr2O3 and Fe3O4 decreased with hydration. Importantly, the use of choline chloride-based DESs in decontamination applications may significantly reduce the cost of decontamination because these DESs can be mass-produced and their components are both easily obtainable and economical. Also, DESs are biodegradable and eco-friendly. The different speciation of Co and Ni, which bond with Cl-, compared with Fe and Cr, which bond with H2O, illustrated the potential for a metal recovery for secondary liquid waste reduction.

Changes in the characteristics of organic matter associated with hydrodynamics and phytoplankton size structure in the central-eastern Yellow Sea.

The central-eastern Yellow Sea is an important region for transporting organic matter (OM) to the Pacific Ocean, however, there is limited information available regarding the characteristics and sources of OM in this area. The present study investigated the concentrations and stable isotopic compositions of carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) for particulate matter and sediment in the central-eastern Yellow Sea during April 2019. The physicochemical properties (i.e., salinity, temperature, fluorescence, and nutrients), size-fractionated phytoplankton biomass (Chl-a), and concentration and fluorescence characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) were also determined. The satellite SST and Chl-a data indicated that mixing cold and warm water masses were observed. Phytoplankton blooms occurred a few days before our sampling campaign. Considering the high concentration of suspended solids in the bottom layer, resuspended sediment caused by tidal currents could be a major source of OM in coastal areas. The δ13C values of particulate organic matter (POM) in the coastal area were higher (-23 to -22‰) than those of OM from terrestrial sources (approximately -28 to -27‰). Instead, the lowest δ13C values were observed in the central part of our study area, where the relative abundance of picophytoplankton was high. These results indicated that phytoplankton-derived OM after phytoplankton spring blooms in the coastal area could be the primary source of OM rather than terrestrial origins. In addition, the source of OM that presented low δ13C values could be picophytoplankton-derived OM. The characteristics of DOM were related to biological processes (mediated by phytoplankton and bacteria) and resuspension of sedimentary organic matter. We did not detect an influx of large amounts of terrestrial OM in coastal sediments. Overall, the source and characteristics of OM appeared to be influenced by the hydrodynamics and the distribution properties of lower trophic-level organisms in the central-eastern Yellow Sea during the spring season.

Precise control over the silica shell thickness and finding the optimal thickness for the peak heat diffusion property of AuNR@SiO2.

Silica-coated gold nanorods (AuNRs) exhibit significantly enhanced photothermal effects and photoacoustic (PA) signal intensities, which is beneficial for various nanophotonic applications in materials science. However, the silica shell thickness for optimum enhancement is not fully understood and is even controversial depending on the physical state of the silica shell. This is because of the lack of systematic investigations of the nanoscale silica shell thickness and the photothermal effect. This study provides a robust synthetic method to control the silica shell thickness at the nanoscale and the physical state-dependent heat diffusion property. The selected base and solvent system enabled the production of silica-coated AuNRs (AuNR@SiO2) with silica shell thicknesses of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 nm. AuNRs with a 20 nm silica shell showed the highest photothermal effect with a 1.45-times higher photothermal efficiency than that of AuNRs without a silica shell. The low density of the silica shell on the AuNRs showed a low photothermal effect and photostability. It was found that the disruption of cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) layers on the AuNRs was responsible for the low photostability of the AuNRs. The simulation study for the heat diffusion property showed facilitated heat diffusion in the presence of a 20 nm silica shell. In a cell-based study, AuNRs with a 20 nm silica shell showed the most sensitive photothermal effect for cell death. The results of this robust study can provide conclusive conditions for the optimal silica shell thickness to obtain the highest photothermal effect, which will be useful for the future design of nanomaterials in various fields of application.

Experience of a Neuro-Emergency Expert in the Emergency Department during One Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic.

We aimed to evaluate the overall clinical characteristics of patients treated by a neuro-emergency expert dedicated to the emergency department (ED) as an attending neurologist during the COVID-19 pandemic. We included adult patients who visited the ED between 1 January and 31 December 2020 and were treated by a neuro-emergency expert. We retrospectively obtained and analyzed the data on patients' clinical characteristics and outcome. The neuro-emergency expert treated 1155 patients (mean age, 62.9 years). The proportion of aged 18-40 years was the lowest, and the most common modes of arrival were public ambulance (50.6%) and walk-in (42.3%). CT and MRI examinations were performed in 94.4 and 33.1% of cases, respectively. The most frequent complaints were dizziness (31.8%), motor weakness (24.2%), and altered mental status (15.8%). The ED diagnoses were acute ischemic stroke (19.8%), benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (14.2%), vestibular neuritis (9.9%), and seizure (8.8%). The mean length of stay in the ED was 207 min. Of the patients, 55.0% were admitted to the hospital, and 41.8% were discharged for outpatient follow-up. Despite the longer stay and the complexity and difficulty of neurological diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic, the accurate diagnosis and treatment provided by a neuro-emergency expert can be presented as a good model in the ED.

Analysis of incombustibles in the feedstock to incineration facilities in Republic of Korea for optimum sorting and management.

The Ministry of Environment, Republic of Korea has implemented the "Framework Act on Resource Recirculation" to activate waste resource recovery. However, industrial waste treatment facilities have some problems related to diversity of waste received for proper management of wastes. Waste incineration facilities are required to receive and process combustible waste and are forbidden to re-consign waste to other waste treatment facilities without any processing. In reality, a large quantity of incombustibles is injected into the incinerator because it is impossible to completely separate the incombustible materials. Therefore, it is necessary to develop additional management criteria for optimal operation of the incineration facility. This study was conducted to improve institutional management of incineration facilities in Korea. Through a literature review and statistics study, incombustible waste management trends were investigated. The characteristics of waste entering incineration facilities were surveyed. Physical composition and proximate analysis of incoming waste were conducted, and properties of the incombustibles mixed in feedstock to waste incineration facilities were examined. As a result of this study, incombustibles mainly consisting of the construction and demolition waste, such as soil, glass, and metals should be separated from feed sent to incinerators. A mechanical screening technique that sorts particles of 30-40 mm in size can be used to separate the incombustibles. Also, management criteria could be proposed to sort and re-consign the incombustibles.

Analysis of incombustibles in the feedstock to incineration facilities in South Korea for optimum sorting and management.

Korea's Ministry of Environment has implemented the Framework Act on Resource Recirculation to activate waste resource recovery. However, industrial waste treatment facilities have some problems related to diversity of waste received for proper management of wastes. Waste incineration facilities are required to receive and process combustible waste and are forbidden to re-consign waste to other waste treatment facilities without any processing. In reality, a large amount of incombustibles is injected into the incinerator because it is impossible to completely separate the incombustible materials. Therefore, it is necessary to develop additional management criteria for optimal operation of the incineration facility. This study was conducted to improve institutional management of incineration facilities in Korea. Through a literature review and statistics study, incombustible waste management trends were investigated. The characteristics of waste entering incineration facilities were surveyed. Physical composition and proximate analysis of incoming waste were conducted, and properties of the incombustibles mixed in feedstocks to waste incineration facilities were examined. As a result of this study, incombustibles mainly consisting of the construction and demolition waste, such as soil, glass, and metals, should be separated from feed sent to incinerators. A mechanical screening technique that sorts particles of 30-40 mm in size can be used to separate the incombustibles. Also, management criteria could be proposed to sort and re-consign the incombustibles.

Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Intra-Nanogap Au Plasmonic Nanostructures for Bioanalytical Applications.

Plasmonic nanogap-enhanced Raman scattering has attracted considerable attention in the fields of Raman-based bioanalytical applications and materials science. Various strategies have been proposed to prepare nanostructures with an inter- or intra-nanogap for fundamental study models or applications. This report focuses on recent advances in synthetic methods to fabricate intra-nanogap structures with diverse dimensions, with detailed focus on the theory and bioanalytical applications. Synthetic strategies ranging from the use of a silica layer to small molecules, the use of polymers and galvanic replacement, are extensively investigated. Furthermore, various core structures, such as spherical, rod-, and cube-shaped, are widely studied, and greatly expand the diversity of plasmonic nanostructures with an intra-nanogap. Theoretical calculations, ranging from the first plasmonic hybridization model that is applied to a concentric Au-SiO2 -Au nanosphere to the modern quantum corrected model, have evolved to accurately describe the plasmonic resonance property in concentric core-shell nanostructures with a subnanometer nanogap. The greatly enhanced and uniform Raman responses from the localized Raman reporter in the built-in nanogap have made it possible to achieve promising probes with an extraordinary high sensitivity in various formats, such as biomolecule detection, high-resolution cell imaging, and an in vivo imaging application.

Development of 8 ton/day gasification process to generate electricity using a gas engine for solid refuse fuel.

An 8 ton/day solid refuse fuel gasification process with air oxidant was operated under various conditions to generate electricity. Solid refuse fuels with fluff type feedstock were fabricated from municipal solid wastes. The tested experimental conditions included feedstock charging rate into the gasifier, equivalence ratio, and oxygen enrichment; varying these conditions resulted in different gasification characteristics, such as cold gas efficiency and carbon conversion ratio. Optimum conditions were a charging rate of 50 to 60% by volume (504.71 to 605.65 kg/Sm2) of feedstock in the gasifier, equivalence ratio of 0.21 to 0.33, and no oxygen enrichment. Average cold gas efficiency and carbon conversion ratio were 71.30% and 72.07%, respectively, at optimum conditions. Pollutants such as dust, tar, and gases, were analyzed at the outlet of the cleaning facility and gasifier, and their low concentrations in the producer gas were sufficient to allow for operation of the gas engine. The gasification process exhibited stable operation over 288 h, which included the facility check period. The average gasifier temperature was 825 °C, 17.14% by volume of producer gas was syngas, and gas engine power generation was 235 kWh during this period; power consumption of the entire system was 68 kWh. These results demonstrate that the gasification process for converting solid waste to energy can be operated at a commercial scale.

A Novel Singular Value Decomposition-Based Denoising Method in 4-Dimensional Computed Tomography of the Brain in Stroke Patients with Statistical Evaluation.

Computed tomography (CT) is a widely used medical imaging modality for diagnosing various diseases. Among CT techniques, 4-dimensional CT perfusion (4D-CTP) of the brain is established in most centers for diagnosing strokes and is considered the gold standard for hyperacute stroke diagnosis. However, because the detrimental effects of high radiation doses from 4D-CTP may cause serious health risks in stroke survivors, our research team aimed to introduce a novel image-processing technique. Our singular value decomposition (SVD)-based image-processing technique can improve image quality, first, by separating several image components using SVD and, second, by reconstructing signal component images to remove noise, thereby improving image quality. For the demonstration in this study, 20 4D-CTP dynamic images of suspected acute stroke patients were collected. Both the images that were and were not processed via the proposed method were compared. Each acquired image was objectively evaluated using contrast-to-noise and signal-to-noise ratios. The scores of the parameters assessed for the qualitative evaluation of image quality improved to an excellent rating (p < 0.05). Therefore, our SVD-based image-denoising technique improved the diagnostic value of images by improving their quality. The denoising technique and statistical evaluation can be utilized in various clinical applications to provide advanced medical services.

Assessment of quality test methods for solid recovered fuel in South Korea.

Management of solid recovered fuel (SRF) in South Korea is unique from most other countries in that it is based on a single standard. All SRFs are distributed at the same price irrespective of their performance, resulting in utilization problems and a low degree of acceptance among consumers. Moreover, the difficulty of temperature maintenance during transportation, excessive ash content, and the use of inappropriate microwave acid digestion methods pose challenges to SRF reliability. To address these issues, we compared the relevant management statuses in South Korea with those of the international community and reviewed the effects of the transportation temperature, ash content, and microwave acid digestion technique. The moisture, ash, sulfur, and chlorine contents as well as the lower heating values (LHVs) of all the samples from South Korea were found to be below the standard [international] thresholds, and they were barely influenced by the transportation temperature. In addition, 5 g samples were found to be more appropriate for ash content analysis than the 20 g samples used in South Korea, with the former producing smaller standard deviations. The optimal microwave acid digestion conditions were also determined to be a reaction time with nitric acid of >10 min, temperature of 180 °C, and microwave power of 600 W. The results of this study highlight the need for revising the SRF test methods used in South Korea, to boost the market and enhance quality reliability.

Effects of Renal Impairment on the Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Udenafil.

Udenafil is a phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor used to treat erectile dysfunction. Although udenafil is not predominantly eliminated by the kidney, renal impairment can alter its secretion/transport pathways. Drug pharmacokinetics and safety must therefore be assessed in subjects with a renal impairment. We investigated the effects of impaired renal function on the pharmacokinetics and safety of a single 100-mg oral dose of udenafil in a single-dose, open-label, parallel-group study of 31 subjects. Cockcroft-Gault creatinine clearance was used to stratify these subjects into healthy controls (>80 mL·min-1 ) and individuals with mild (50 to ≤80 mL·min-1 ), moderate (30 to ≤50 mL·min-1 ), and severe (<30 mL·min-1 ) renal impairment. Pharmacokinetic measurements and safety assessments indicated that the geometric mean of the area under the concentration-time curve to the last measurement in mildly, moderately, and severely renally impaired subjects was 1.30- (90% CI 1.05-1.60), 1.62- (90% CI 1.28-2.06), and 1.60- (90% CI 1.28-2.01) fold higher, respectively, than the healthy controls. The geometric mean of the maximum observed concentration was 1.41- (90% CI 1.05-1.88), 2.02- (90% CI 1.47-2.79), and 1.65- (90% CI: 1.21-2.24) fold higher, respectively. Significant correlations were observed among the creatinine clearance, oral clearance, and maximum concentration of udenafil (P < .01). All adverse events were mild, and no subject discontinued the study. Udenafil administration was well tolerated in all groups. In view of the clinical relevance of drug exposure, our findings indicate that a dose adjustment of udenafil is warranted in subjects with moderate or severe renal impairment.

Near infrared dye-conjugated oxidative stress amplifying polymer micelles for dual imaging and synergistic anticancer phototherapy.

The recent advances in nanotechnology have led to the development of smart nanomaterials that combine diagnostic and therapeutic functions and provide synergistic anticancer effects through the combination of different treatment modalities. Here, we report a promising theranostic nanoconstruct that can translate into multiple functionalities: fluorescence/photoacoustic imaging, acid-triggered generation of ROS (reactive oxygen species), heat and singlet oxygen production under near infrared (NIR) laser irradiation, and coupling oxidative anticancer therapy to dual imaging-guided photothermal/photodynamic therapy. An NIR dye-conjugated hydroxyl radical generating biodegradable polymer (HRGP-IR) is employed as a theranostic nanoplatform. HRGP-IR could self-assemble to form micelles and elevate oxidative stress by generating hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical. Under the NIR (808 nm) laser irradiation, HRGP-IR micelles also generate heat and singlet oxygen to induce cancer cell death. In mouse xenograft models, HRGP-IR micelles accumulated in tumors preferentially and the tumor could be detected by dual imaging. Effective tumor ablation was achieved by HRGP-IR micelles (5 mg/kg) combined with NIR laser irradiation, demonstrating the synergistic anticancer effects of oxidative stress with photothermal heating. Given their dual imaging capability, anticancer phototherapy and highly potent synergistic anticancer activity with NIR laser irradiation, HRGP-IR micelles hold great potential as a nanotheranostic agent for cancer treatment.

Flexural wave cloaking via embedded cylinders with systematically varying thicknesses.

Simulations of flexural wave cloaking from multiple scattering events that are achieved by embedded cylinders in a thin plate are performed. Minimization of refraction is performed using small surrounding cylinders with varying thickness in radial and angular directions, respectively. The thickness variations render the effective wave speed lower in the radial direction and higher in the angular direction compared to the speed in the surrounding media, which results in the cloaking effect. In order to verify the feasibility of this approach, 15 layers of cylinders are placed around the blocked area. The multiple-scattering method is used to predict wave propagations and to take the interactions between cylinders into account. The effects of the thickness variation on the cloaking performance are analyzed. The results demonstrate that minimal scattering is achieved when the area of interest is surrounded by the thickness-varying cylinders.

Nano-Fenton Reactors as a New Class of Oxidative Stress Amplifying Anticancer Therapeutic Agents.

Cancer cells, compared to normal cells, are under oxidative stress associated with an elevated level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and are more vulnerable to oxidative stress induced by ROS generating agents. Thus, manipulation of the ROS level provides a logical approach to kill cancer cells preferentially, without significant toxicity to normal cells, and great efforts have been dedicated to the development of strategies to induce cytotoxic oxidative stress for cancer treatment. Fenton reaction is an important biological reaction in which irons convert hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to highly toxic hydroxyl radicals that escalate ROS stress. Here, we report Fenton reaction-performing polymer (PolyCAFe) micelles as a new class of ROS-manipulating anticancer therapeutic agents. Amphiphilic PolyCAFe incorporates H2O2-generating benzoyloxycinnamaldehyde and iron-containing compounds in its backbone and self-assembles to form micelles that serve as Nano-Fenton reactors to generate cytotoxic hydroxyl radicals, killing cancer cells preferentially. When intravenously injected, PolyCAFe micelles could accumulate in tumors preferentially to remarkably suppress tumor growth, without toxicity to normal tissues. This study demonstrates the tremendous translatable potential of Nano-Fenton reactors as a new class of anticancer drugs.

Polymeric micellar nanoplatforms for Fenton reaction as a new class of antibacterial agents.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by host phagocytes exert antibacterial action against a variety of pathogens and ROS-induced oxidative stress is the governing mechanism for the antibacterial activity of major bactericidal antibiotics. In particular, hydroxyl radical is a strong and nonselective oxidant which can damage biomolecules such as DNA, proteins and lipids. Ferrous ion is known to convert mild oxidant hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into highly reactive and toxic hydroxyl radicals, referred to as Fenton reaction. Herein, we report a new class of antibacterial agents based on Fenton reaction-performing nanostructures, composed of H2O2-generating polymer (PCAE) and iron-containing ferrocene. Amphiphilic PCAE was designed to incorporate H2O2-generating cinnamaldehyde through acid-cleavable linkages and self-assemble to form thermodynamically stable micelles which could encapsulate ferrocene in their hydrophobic core. All the experiments in vitro display that ferrocene-loaded PCAE micelles produce hydroxyl radicals to kill Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa through membrane damages. Intraperitoneally injected ferrocene-loaded PCAE micelles significantly reduced the lung damages and therefore increased the survival rate of mice infected with drug resistant P. aeruginosa. Given their potent antibacterial activity, ferrocene-loaded PCAE micelles hold great potential as a new class of ROS-manipulating antibacterial agents.